Thun/docs/Quadratic.md

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Markdown

```python
from notebook_preamble import J, V, define
```
# [Quadratic formula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_formula)
Cf. [jp-quadratic.html](http://www.kevinalbrecht.com/code/joy-mirror/jp-quadratic.html)
-b ± sqrt(b^2 - 4 * a * c)
--------------------------------
2 * a
$\frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2 - 4ac}}{2a}$
## Write a straightforward program with variable names.
This math translates to Joy code in a straightforward manner. We are going to use named variables to keep track of the arguments, then write a definition without them.
### `-b`
b neg
### `sqrt(b^2 - 4 * a * c)`
b sqr 4 a c * * - sqrt
### `/2a`
a 2 * /
### `±`
There is a function `pm` that accepts two values on the stack and replaces them with their sum and difference.
pm == [+] [-] cleave popdd
### Putting Them Together
b neg b sqr 4 a c * * - sqrt pm a 2 * [/] cons app2
We use `app2` to compute both roots by using a quoted program `[2a /]` built with `cons`.
## Derive a definition.
Working backwards we use `dip` and `dipd` to extract the code from the variables:
b neg b sqr 4 a c * * - sqrt pm a 2 * [/] cons app2
b [neg] dupdip sqr 4 a c * * - sqrt pm a 2 * [/] cons app2
b a c [[neg] dupdip sqr 4] dipd * * - sqrt pm a 2 * [/] cons app2
b a c a [[[neg] dupdip sqr 4] dipd * * - sqrt pm] dip 2 * [/] cons app2
b a c over [[[neg] dupdip sqr 4] dipd * * - sqrt pm] dip 2 * [/] cons app2
The three arguments are to the left, so we can "chop off" everything to the right and say it's the definition of the `quadratic` function:
```python
define('quadratic == over [[[neg] dupdip sqr 4] dipd * * - sqrt pm] dip 2 * [/] cons app2')
```
Let's try it out:
```python
J('3 1 1 quadratic')
```
-0.3819660112501051 -2.618033988749895
If you look at the Joy evaluation trace you can see that the first few lines are the `dip` and `dipd` combinators building the main program by incorporating the values on the stack. Then that program runs and you get the results. This is pretty typical of Joy code.
```python
V('-5 1 4 quadratic')
```
. -5 1 4 quadratic
-5 . 1 4 quadratic
-5 1 . 4 quadratic
-5 1 4 . quadratic
-5 1 4 . over [[[neg] dupdip sqr 4] dipd * * - sqrt pm] dip 2 * [/] cons app2
-5 1 4 1 . [[[neg] dupdip sqr 4] dipd * * - sqrt pm] dip 2 * [/] cons app2
-5 1 4 1 [[[neg] dupdip sqr 4] dipd * * - sqrt pm] . dip 2 * [/] cons app2
-5 1 4 . [[neg] dupdip sqr 4] dipd * * - sqrt pm 1 2 * [/] cons app2
-5 1 4 [[neg] dupdip sqr 4] . dipd * * - sqrt pm 1 2 * [/] cons app2
-5 . [neg] dupdip sqr 4 1 4 * * - sqrt pm 1 2 * [/] cons app2
-5 [neg] . dupdip sqr 4 1 4 * * - sqrt pm 1 2 * [/] cons app2
-5 . neg -5 sqr 4 1 4 * * - sqrt pm 1 2 * [/] cons app2
5 . -5 sqr 4 1 4 * * - sqrt pm 1 2 * [/] cons app2
5 -5 . sqr 4 1 4 * * - sqrt pm 1 2 * [/] cons app2
5 -5 . dup mul 4 1 4 * * - sqrt pm 1 2 * [/] cons app2
5 -5 -5 . mul 4 1 4 * * - sqrt pm 1 2 * [/] cons app2
5 25 . 4 1 4 * * - sqrt pm 1 2 * [/] cons app2
5 25 4 . 1 4 * * - sqrt pm 1 2 * [/] cons app2
5 25 4 1 . 4 * * - sqrt pm 1 2 * [/] cons app2
5 25 4 1 4 . * * - sqrt pm 1 2 * [/] cons app2
5 25 4 4 . * - sqrt pm 1 2 * [/] cons app2
5 25 16 . - sqrt pm 1 2 * [/] cons app2
5 9 . sqrt pm 1 2 * [/] cons app2
5 3.0 . pm 1 2 * [/] cons app2
8.0 2.0 . 1 2 * [/] cons app2
8.0 2.0 1 . 2 * [/] cons app2
8.0 2.0 1 2 . * [/] cons app2
8.0 2.0 2 . [/] cons app2
8.0 2.0 2 [/] . cons app2
8.0 2.0 [2 /] . app2
[8.0] [2 /] . infra first [2.0] [2 /] infra first
8.0 . 2 / [] swaack first [2.0] [2 /] infra first
8.0 2 . / [] swaack first [2.0] [2 /] infra first
4.0 . [] swaack first [2.0] [2 /] infra first
4.0 [] . swaack first [2.0] [2 /] infra first
[4.0] . first [2.0] [2 /] infra first
4.0 . [2.0] [2 /] infra first
4.0 [2.0] . [2 /] infra first
4.0 [2.0] [2 /] . infra first
2.0 . 2 / [4.0] swaack first
2.0 2 . / [4.0] swaack first
1.0 . [4.0] swaack first
1.0 [4.0] . swaack first
4.0 [1.0] . first
4.0 1.0 .