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***************************
Developing a Program in Joy
***************************
As an example of developing a program in Joy let's take the first problem from the Project Euler website.
`Project Euler, first problem: "Multiples of 3 and 5" <https://projecteuler.net/problem=1>`__
=============================================================================================
If we list all the natural numbers below 10 that are multiples of 3 or 5, we get 3, 5, 6 and 9. The sum of these multiples is 23.
Find the sum of all the multiples of 3 or 5 below 1000.
.. code:: ipython2
from notebook_preamble import J, V, define
Sum a range filtered by a predicate
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Let's create a predicate that returns ``True`` if a number is a multiple
of 3 or 5 and ``False`` otherwise.
.. code:: ipython2
define('P == [3 % not] dupdip 5 % not or')
.. code:: ipython2
V('80 P')
.. parsed-literal::
. 80 P
80 . P
80 . [3 % not] dupdip 5 % not or
80 [3 % not] . dupdip 5 % not or
80 . 3 % not 80 5 % not or
80 3 . % not 80 5 % not or
2 . not 80 5 % not or
False . 80 5 % not or
False 80 . 5 % not or
False 80 5 . % not or
False 0 . not or
False True . or
True .
Given the predicate function ``P`` a suitable program is:
::
PE1 == 1000 range [P] filter sum
This function generates a list of the integers from 0 to 999, filters
that list by ``P``, and then sums the result.
Logically this is fine, but pragmatically we are doing more work than we
should be; we generate one thousand integers but actually use less than
half of them. A better solution would be to generate just the multiples
we want to sum, and to add them as we go rather than storing them and
and summing them at the end.
Generate just the multiples
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
At first I had the idea to use two counters and increase them by three
and five, respectively. This way we only generate the terms that we
actually want to sum. We have to proceed by incrementing the counter
that is lower, or if they are equal, the three counter, and we have to
take care not to double add numbers like 15 that are multiples of both
three and five.
This seemed a little clunky, so I tried a different approach.
Consider the first few terms in the series:
::
3 5 6 9 10 12 15 18 20 21 ...
Subtract each number from the one after it (subtracting 0 from 3):
::
3 5 6 9 10 12 15 18 20 21 24 25 27 30 ...
0 3 5 6 9 10 12 15 18 20 21 24 25 27 ...
-------------------------------------------
3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 ...
You get this lovely repeating palindromic sequence:
::
3 2 1 3 1 2 3
To make a counter that increments by factors of 3 and 5 you just add
these differences to the counter one-by-one in a loop.
To make use of this sequence to increment a counter and sum terms as we
go we need a function that will accept the sum, the counter, and the
next term to add, and that adds the term to the counter and a copy of
the counter to the running sum. This function will do that:
::
PE1.1 == + [+] dupdip
.. code:: ipython2
define('PE1.1 == + [+] dupdip')
.. code:: ipython2
V('0 0 3 PE1.1')
.. parsed-literal::
. 0 0 3 PE1.1
0 . 0 3 PE1.1
0 0 . 3 PE1.1
0 0 3 . PE1.1
0 0 3 . + [+] dupdip
0 3 . [+] dupdip
0 3 [+] . dupdip
0 3 . + 3
3 . 3
3 3 .
.. code:: ipython2
V('0 0 [3 2 1 3 1 2 3] [PE1.1] step')
.. parsed-literal::
. 0 0 [3 2 1 3 1 2 3] [PE1.1] step
0 . 0 [3 2 1 3 1 2 3] [PE1.1] step
0 0 . [3 2 1 3 1 2 3] [PE1.1] step
0 0 [3 2 1 3 1 2 3] . [PE1.1] step
0 0 [3 2 1 3 1 2 3] [PE1.1] . step
0 0 3 [PE1.1] . i [2 1 3 1 2 3] [PE1.1] step
0 0 3 . PE1.1 [2 1 3 1 2 3] [PE1.1] step
0 0 3 . + [+] dupdip [2 1 3 1 2 3] [PE1.1] step
0 3 . [+] dupdip [2 1 3 1 2 3] [PE1.1] step
0 3 [+] . dupdip [2 1 3 1 2 3] [PE1.1] step
0 3 . + 3 [2 1 3 1 2 3] [PE1.1] step
3 . 3 [2 1 3 1 2 3] [PE1.1] step
3 3 . [2 1 3 1 2 3] [PE1.1] step
3 3 [2 1 3 1 2 3] . [PE1.1] step
3 3 [2 1 3 1 2 3] [PE1.1] . step
3 3 2 [PE1.1] . i [1 3 1 2 3] [PE1.1] step
3 3 2 . PE1.1 [1 3 1 2 3] [PE1.1] step
3 3 2 . + [+] dupdip [1 3 1 2 3] [PE1.1] step
3 5 . [+] dupdip [1 3 1 2 3] [PE1.1] step
3 5 [+] . dupdip [1 3 1 2 3] [PE1.1] step
3 5 . + 5 [1 3 1 2 3] [PE1.1] step
8 . 5 [1 3 1 2 3] [PE1.1] step
8 5 . [1 3 1 2 3] [PE1.1] step
8 5 [1 3 1 2 3] . [PE1.1] step
8 5 [1 3 1 2 3] [PE1.1] . step
8 5 1 [PE1.1] . i [3 1 2 3] [PE1.1] step
8 5 1 . PE1.1 [3 1 2 3] [PE1.1] step
8 5 1 . + [+] dupdip [3 1 2 3] [PE1.1] step
8 6 . [+] dupdip [3 1 2 3] [PE1.1] step
8 6 [+] . dupdip [3 1 2 3] [PE1.1] step
8 6 . + 6 [3 1 2 3] [PE1.1] step
14 . 6 [3 1 2 3] [PE1.1] step
14 6 . [3 1 2 3] [PE1.1] step
14 6 [3 1 2 3] . [PE1.1] step
14 6 [3 1 2 3] [PE1.1] . step
14 6 3 [PE1.1] . i [1 2 3] [PE1.1] step
14 6 3 . PE1.1 [1 2 3] [PE1.1] step
14 6 3 . + [+] dupdip [1 2 3] [PE1.1] step
14 9 . [+] dupdip [1 2 3] [PE1.1] step
14 9 [+] . dupdip [1 2 3] [PE1.1] step
14 9 . + 9 [1 2 3] [PE1.1] step
23 . 9 [1 2 3] [PE1.1] step
23 9 . [1 2 3] [PE1.1] step
23 9 [1 2 3] . [PE1.1] step
23 9 [1 2 3] [PE1.1] . step
23 9 1 [PE1.1] . i [2 3] [PE1.1] step
23 9 1 . PE1.1 [2 3] [PE1.1] step
23 9 1 . + [+] dupdip [2 3] [PE1.1] step
23 10 . [+] dupdip [2 3] [PE1.1] step
23 10 [+] . dupdip [2 3] [PE1.1] step
23 10 . + 10 [2 3] [PE1.1] step
33 . 10 [2 3] [PE1.1] step
33 10 . [2 3] [PE1.1] step
33 10 [2 3] . [PE1.1] step
33 10 [2 3] [PE1.1] . step
33 10 2 [PE1.1] . i [3] [PE1.1] step
33 10 2 . PE1.1 [3] [PE1.1] step
33 10 2 . + [+] dupdip [3] [PE1.1] step
33 12 . [+] dupdip [3] [PE1.1] step
33 12 [+] . dupdip [3] [PE1.1] step
33 12 . + 12 [3] [PE1.1] step
45 . 12 [3] [PE1.1] step
45 12 . [3] [PE1.1] step
45 12 [3] . [PE1.1] step
45 12 [3] [PE1.1] . step
45 12 3 [PE1.1] . i
45 12 3 . PE1.1
45 12 3 . + [+] dupdip
45 15 . [+] dupdip
45 15 [+] . dupdip
45 15 . + 15
60 . 15
60 15 .
So one ``step`` through all seven terms brings the counter to 15 and the
total to 60.
How many multiples to sum?
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
.. code:: ipython2
1000 / 15
.. parsed-literal::
66
.. code:: ipython2
66 * 15
.. parsed-literal::
990
.. code:: ipython2
1000 - 990
.. parsed-literal::
10
We only want the terms *less than* 1000.
.. code:: ipython2
999 - 990
.. parsed-literal::
9
That means we want to run the full list of numbers sixty-six times to
get to 990 and then the first four numbers 3 2 1 3 to get to 999.
.. code:: ipython2
define('PE1 == 0 0 66 [[3 2 1 3 1 2 3] [PE1.1] step] times [3 2 1 3] [PE1.1] step pop')
.. code:: ipython2
J('PE1')
.. parsed-literal::
233168
Packing the terms into an integer
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
This form uses no extra storage and produces no unused summands. It's
good but there's one more trick we can apply. The list of seven terms
takes up at least seven bytes. But notice that all of the terms are less
than four, and so each can fit in just two bits. We could store all
seven terms in just fourteen bits and use masking and shifts to pick out
each term as we go. This will use less space and save time loading whole
integer terms from the list.
::
3 2 1 3 1 2 3
0b 11 10 01 11 01 10 11 == 14811
.. code:: ipython2
0b11100111011011
.. parsed-literal::
14811
.. code:: ipython2
define('PE1.2 == [3 & PE1.1] dupdip 2 >>')
.. code:: ipython2
V('0 0 14811 PE1.2')
.. parsed-literal::
. 0 0 14811 PE1.2
0 . 0 14811 PE1.2
0 0 . 14811 PE1.2
0 0 14811 . PE1.2
0 0 14811 . [3 & PE1.1] dupdip 2 >>
0 0 14811 [3 & PE1.1] . dupdip 2 >>
0 0 14811 . 3 & PE1.1 14811 2 >>
0 0 14811 3 . & PE1.1 14811 2 >>
0 0 3 . PE1.1 14811 2 >>
0 0 3 . + [+] dupdip 14811 2 >>
0 3 . [+] dupdip 14811 2 >>
0 3 [+] . dupdip 14811 2 >>
0 3 . + 3 14811 2 >>
3 . 3 14811 2 >>
3 3 . 14811 2 >>
3 3 14811 . 2 >>
3 3 14811 2 . >>
3 3 3702 .
.. code:: ipython2
V('3 3 3702 PE1.2')
.. parsed-literal::
. 3 3 3702 PE1.2
3 . 3 3702 PE1.2
3 3 . 3702 PE1.2
3 3 3702 . PE1.2
3 3 3702 . [3 & PE1.1] dupdip 2 >>
3 3 3702 [3 & PE1.1] . dupdip 2 >>
3 3 3702 . 3 & PE1.1 3702 2 >>
3 3 3702 3 . & PE1.1 3702 2 >>
3 3 2 . PE1.1 3702 2 >>
3 3 2 . + [+] dupdip 3702 2 >>
3 5 . [+] dupdip 3702 2 >>
3 5 [+] . dupdip 3702 2 >>
3 5 . + 5 3702 2 >>
8 . 5 3702 2 >>
8 5 . 3702 2 >>
8 5 3702 . 2 >>
8 5 3702 2 . >>
8 5 925 .
.. code:: ipython2
V('0 0 14811 7 [PE1.2] times pop')
.. parsed-literal::
. 0 0 14811 7 [PE1.2] times pop
0 . 0 14811 7 [PE1.2] times pop
0 0 . 14811 7 [PE1.2] times pop
0 0 14811 . 7 [PE1.2] times pop
0 0 14811 7 . [PE1.2] times pop
0 0 14811 7 [PE1.2] . times pop
0 0 14811 [PE1.2] . i 6 [PE1.2] times pop
0 0 14811 . PE1.2 6 [PE1.2] times pop
0 0 14811 . [3 & PE1.1] dupdip 2 >> 6 [PE1.2] times pop
0 0 14811 [3 & PE1.1] . dupdip 2 >> 6 [PE1.2] times pop
0 0 14811 . 3 & PE1.1 14811 2 >> 6 [PE1.2] times pop
0 0 14811 3 . & PE1.1 14811 2 >> 6 [PE1.2] times pop
0 0 3 . PE1.1 14811 2 >> 6 [PE1.2] times pop
0 0 3 . + [+] dupdip 14811 2 >> 6 [PE1.2] times pop
0 3 . [+] dupdip 14811 2 >> 6 [PE1.2] times pop
0 3 [+] . dupdip 14811 2 >> 6 [PE1.2] times pop
0 3 . + 3 14811 2 >> 6 [PE1.2] times pop
3 . 3 14811 2 >> 6 [PE1.2] times pop
3 3 . 14811 2 >> 6 [PE1.2] times pop
3 3 14811 . 2 >> 6 [PE1.2] times pop
3 3 14811 2 . >> 6 [PE1.2] times pop
3 3 3702 . 6 [PE1.2] times pop
3 3 3702 6 . [PE1.2] times pop
3 3 3702 6 [PE1.2] . times pop
3 3 3702 [PE1.2] . i 5 [PE1.2] times pop
3 3 3702 . PE1.2 5 [PE1.2] times pop
3 3 3702 . [3 & PE1.1] dupdip 2 >> 5 [PE1.2] times pop
3 3 3702 [3 & PE1.1] . dupdip 2 >> 5 [PE1.2] times pop
3 3 3702 . 3 & PE1.1 3702 2 >> 5 [PE1.2] times pop
3 3 3702 3 . & PE1.1 3702 2 >> 5 [PE1.2] times pop
3 3 2 . PE1.1 3702 2 >> 5 [PE1.2] times pop
3 3 2 . + [+] dupdip 3702 2 >> 5 [PE1.2] times pop
3 5 . [+] dupdip 3702 2 >> 5 [PE1.2] times pop
3 5 [+] . dupdip 3702 2 >> 5 [PE1.2] times pop
3 5 . + 5 3702 2 >> 5 [PE1.2] times pop
8 . 5 3702 2 >> 5 [PE1.2] times pop
8 5 . 3702 2 >> 5 [PE1.2] times pop
8 5 3702 . 2 >> 5 [PE1.2] times pop
8 5 3702 2 . >> 5 [PE1.2] times pop
8 5 925 . 5 [PE1.2] times pop
8 5 925 5 . [PE1.2] times pop
8 5 925 5 [PE1.2] . times pop
8 5 925 [PE1.2] . i 4 [PE1.2] times pop
8 5 925 . PE1.2 4 [PE1.2] times pop
8 5 925 . [3 & PE1.1] dupdip 2 >> 4 [PE1.2] times pop
8 5 925 [3 & PE1.1] . dupdip 2 >> 4 [PE1.2] times pop
8 5 925 . 3 & PE1.1 925 2 >> 4 [PE1.2] times pop
8 5 925 3 . & PE1.1 925 2 >> 4 [PE1.2] times pop
8 5 1 . PE1.1 925 2 >> 4 [PE1.2] times pop
8 5 1 . + [+] dupdip 925 2 >> 4 [PE1.2] times pop
8 6 . [+] dupdip 925 2 >> 4 [PE1.2] times pop
8 6 [+] . dupdip 925 2 >> 4 [PE1.2] times pop
8 6 . + 6 925 2 >> 4 [PE1.2] times pop
14 . 6 925 2 >> 4 [PE1.2] times pop
14 6 . 925 2 >> 4 [PE1.2] times pop
14 6 925 . 2 >> 4 [PE1.2] times pop
14 6 925 2 . >> 4 [PE1.2] times pop
14 6 231 . 4 [PE1.2] times pop
14 6 231 4 . [PE1.2] times pop
14 6 231 4 [PE1.2] . times pop
14 6 231 [PE1.2] . i 3 [PE1.2] times pop
14 6 231 . PE1.2 3 [PE1.2] times pop
14 6 231 . [3 & PE1.1] dupdip 2 >> 3 [PE1.2] times pop
14 6 231 [3 & PE1.1] . dupdip 2 >> 3 [PE1.2] times pop
14 6 231 . 3 & PE1.1 231 2 >> 3 [PE1.2] times pop
14 6 231 3 . & PE1.1 231 2 >> 3 [PE1.2] times pop
14 6 3 . PE1.1 231 2 >> 3 [PE1.2] times pop
14 6 3 . + [+] dupdip 231 2 >> 3 [PE1.2] times pop
14 9 . [+] dupdip 231 2 >> 3 [PE1.2] times pop
14 9 [+] . dupdip 231 2 >> 3 [PE1.2] times pop
14 9 . + 9 231 2 >> 3 [PE1.2] times pop
23 . 9 231 2 >> 3 [PE1.2] times pop
23 9 . 231 2 >> 3 [PE1.2] times pop
23 9 231 . 2 >> 3 [PE1.2] times pop
23 9 231 2 . >> 3 [PE1.2] times pop
23 9 57 . 3 [PE1.2] times pop
23 9 57 3 . [PE1.2] times pop
23 9 57 3 [PE1.2] . times pop
23 9 57 [PE1.2] . i 2 [PE1.2] times pop
23 9 57 . PE1.2 2 [PE1.2] times pop
23 9 57 . [3 & PE1.1] dupdip 2 >> 2 [PE1.2] times pop
23 9 57 [3 & PE1.1] . dupdip 2 >> 2 [PE1.2] times pop
23 9 57 . 3 & PE1.1 57 2 >> 2 [PE1.2] times pop
23 9 57 3 . & PE1.1 57 2 >> 2 [PE1.2] times pop
23 9 1 . PE1.1 57 2 >> 2 [PE1.2] times pop
23 9 1 . + [+] dupdip 57 2 >> 2 [PE1.2] times pop
23 10 . [+] dupdip 57 2 >> 2 [PE1.2] times pop
23 10 [+] . dupdip 57 2 >> 2 [PE1.2] times pop
23 10 . + 10 57 2 >> 2 [PE1.2] times pop
33 . 10 57 2 >> 2 [PE1.2] times pop
33 10 . 57 2 >> 2 [PE1.2] times pop
33 10 57 . 2 >> 2 [PE1.2] times pop
33 10 57 2 . >> 2 [PE1.2] times pop
33 10 14 . 2 [PE1.2] times pop
33 10 14 2 . [PE1.2] times pop
33 10 14 2 [PE1.2] . times pop
33 10 14 [PE1.2] . i 1 [PE1.2] times pop
33 10 14 . PE1.2 1 [PE1.2] times pop
33 10 14 . [3 & PE1.1] dupdip 2 >> 1 [PE1.2] times pop
33 10 14 [3 & PE1.1] . dupdip 2 >> 1 [PE1.2] times pop
33 10 14 . 3 & PE1.1 14 2 >> 1 [PE1.2] times pop
33 10 14 3 . & PE1.1 14 2 >> 1 [PE1.2] times pop
33 10 2 . PE1.1 14 2 >> 1 [PE1.2] times pop
33 10 2 . + [+] dupdip 14 2 >> 1 [PE1.2] times pop
33 12 . [+] dupdip 14 2 >> 1 [PE1.2] times pop
33 12 [+] . dupdip 14 2 >> 1 [PE1.2] times pop
33 12 . + 12 14 2 >> 1 [PE1.2] times pop
45 . 12 14 2 >> 1 [PE1.2] times pop
45 12 . 14 2 >> 1 [PE1.2] times pop
45 12 14 . 2 >> 1 [PE1.2] times pop
45 12 14 2 . >> 1 [PE1.2] times pop
45 12 3 . 1 [PE1.2] times pop
45 12 3 1 . [PE1.2] times pop
45 12 3 1 [PE1.2] . times pop
45 12 3 [PE1.2] . i pop
45 12 3 . PE1.2 pop
45 12 3 . [3 & PE1.1] dupdip 2 >> pop
45 12 3 [3 & PE1.1] . dupdip 2 >> pop
45 12 3 . 3 & PE1.1 3 2 >> pop
45 12 3 3 . & PE1.1 3 2 >> pop
45 12 3 . PE1.1 3 2 >> pop
45 12 3 . + [+] dupdip 3 2 >> pop
45 15 . [+] dupdip 3 2 >> pop
45 15 [+] . dupdip 3 2 >> pop
45 15 . + 15 3 2 >> pop
60 . 15 3 2 >> pop
60 15 . 3 2 >> pop
60 15 3 . 2 >> pop
60 15 3 2 . >> pop
60 15 0 . pop
60 15 .
And so we have at last:
.. code:: ipython2
define('PE1 == 0 0 66 [14811 7 [PE1.2] times pop] times 14811 4 [PE1.2] times popop')
.. code:: ipython2
J('PE1')
.. parsed-literal::
233168
Let's refactor
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
::
14811 7 [PE1.2] times pop
14811 4 [PE1.2] times pop
14811 n [PE1.2] times pop
n 14811 swap [PE1.2] times pop
.. code:: ipython2
define('PE1.3 == 14811 swap [PE1.2] times pop')
Now we can simplify the definition above:
.. code:: ipython2
define('PE1 == 0 0 66 [7 PE1.3] times 4 PE1.3 pop')
.. code:: ipython2
J('PE1')
.. parsed-literal::
233168
Here's our joy program all in one place. It doesn't make so much sense,
but if you have read through the above description of how it was derived
I hope it's clear.
::
PE1.1 == + [+] dupdip
PE1.2 == [3 & PE1.1] dupdip 2 >>
PE1.3 == 14811 swap [PE1.2] times pop
PE1 == 0 0 66 [7 PE1.3] times 4 PE1.3 pop
Generator Version
=================
It's a little clunky iterating sixty-six times though the seven numbers
then four more. In the *Generator Programs* notebook we derive a
generator that can be repeatedly driven by the ``x`` combinator to
produce a stream of the seven numbers repeating over and over again.
.. code:: ipython2
define('PE1.terms == [0 swap [dup [pop 14811] [] branch [3 &] dupdip 2 >>] dip rest cons]')
.. code:: ipython2
J('PE1.terms 21 [x] times')
.. parsed-literal::
3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 [0 swap [dup [pop 14811] [] branch [3 &] dupdip 2 >>] dip rest cons]
We know from above that we need sixty-six times seven then four more
terms to reach up to but not over one thousand.
.. code:: ipython2
J('7 66 * 4 +')
.. parsed-literal::
466
Here they are...
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. code:: ipython2
J('PE1.terms 466 [x] times pop')
.. parsed-literal::
3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 3
...and they do sum to 999.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. code:: ipython2
J('[PE1.terms 466 [x] times pop] run sum')
.. parsed-literal::
999
Now we can use ``PE1.1`` to accumulate the terms as we go, and then
``pop`` the generator and the counter from the stack when we're done,
leaving just the sum.
.. code:: ipython2
J('0 0 PE1.terms 466 [x [PE1.1] dip] times popop')
.. parsed-literal::
233168
A little further analysis renders iteration unnecessary.
========================================================
Consider finding the sum of the positive integers less than or equal to
ten.
.. code:: ipython2
J('[10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1] sum')
.. parsed-literal::
55
Instead of summing them,
`observe <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Animated_proof_for_the_formula_giving_the_sum_of_the_first_integers_1%2B2%2B...%2Bn.gif>`__:
::
10 9 8 7 6
+ 1 2 3 4 5
---- -- -- -- --
11 11 11 11 11
11 * 5 = 55
From the above example we can deduce that the sum of the first N
positive integers is:
::
(N + 1) * N / 2
(The formula also works for odd values of N, I'll leave that to you if
you want to work it out or you can take my word for it.)
.. code:: ipython2
define('F == dup ++ * 2 floordiv')
.. code:: ipython2
V('10 F')
.. parsed-literal::
. 10 F
10 . F
10 . dup ++ * 2 floordiv
10 10 . ++ * 2 floordiv
10 11 . * 2 floordiv
110 . 2 floordiv
110 2 . floordiv
55 .
Generalizing to Blocks of Terms
-------------------------------
We can apply the same reasoning to the PE1 problem.
Between 0 and 990 inclusive there are sixty-six "blocks" of seven terms
each, starting with:
::
[3 5 6 9 10 12 15]
And ending with:
::
[978 980 981 984 985 987 990]
If we reverse one of these two blocks and sum pairs...
.. code:: ipython2
J('[3 5 6 9 10 12 15] reverse [978 980 981 984 985 987 990] zip')
.. parsed-literal::
[[978 15] [980 12] [981 10] [984 9] [985 6] [987 5] [990 3]]
.. code:: ipython2
J('[3 5 6 9 10 12 15] reverse [978 980 981 984 985 987 990] zip [sum] map')
.. parsed-literal::
[993 992 991 993 991 992 993]
(Interesting that the sequence of seven numbers appears again in the
rightmost digit of each term.)
.. code:: ipython2
J('[ 3 5 6 9 10 12 15] reverse [978 980 981 984 985 987 990] zip [sum] map sum')
.. parsed-literal::
6945
Since there are sixty-six blocks and we are pairing them up, there must
be thirty-three pairs, each of which sums to 6945. We also have these
additional unpaired terms between 990 and 1000:
::
993 995 996 999
So we can give the "sum of all the multiples of 3 or 5 below 1000" like
so:
.. code:: ipython2
J('6945 33 * [993 995 996 999] cons sum')
.. parsed-literal::
233168
It's worth noting, I think, that this same reasoning holds for any two
numbers :math:`n` and :math:`m` the multiples of which we hope to sum.
The multiples would have a cycle of differences of length :math:`k` and
so we could compute the sum of :math:`Nk` multiples as above.
The sequence of differences will always be a palidrome. Consider an
interval spanning the least common multiple of :math:`n` and :math:`m`:
::
| | | | | | | |
| | | | |
Here we have 4 and 7, and you can read off the sequence of differences
directly from the diagram: 4 3 1 4 2 2 4 1 3 4.
Geometrically, the actual values of :math:`n` and :math:`m` and their
*lcm* don't matter, the pattern they make will always be symmetrical
around its midpoint. The same reasoning holds for multiples of more than
two numbers.
The Simplest Program
====================
Of course, the simplest joy program for the first Project Euler problem
is just:
::
PE1 == 233168
Fin.
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