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@@ -1,19 +1,18 @@
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@@ -30,6 +29,8 @@
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@@ -38,7 +39,7 @@
to write a function that can compute the square root of a number.</p>
<p>Cf. <a class="reference external" href="https://www.cs.kent.ac.uk/people/staff/dat/miranda/whyfp90.pdf">“Why Functional Programming Matters” by John
Hughes</a></p>
<div class="code ipython2 highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">notebook_preamble</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">J</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">V</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">define</span>
<div class="highlight-ipython2 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">notebook_preamble</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">J</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">V</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">define</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="a-generator-for-approximations">
@@ -90,10 +91,10 @@ function were writing. If we let 1 be the initial approximation:</p>
<span class="mi">1</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">dup</span> <span class="mi">23</span> <span class="n">over</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">2</span> <span class="o">/</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">make_generator</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="code ipython2 highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">define</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;gsra == 1 swap [over / + 2 /] cons [dup] swoncat make_generator&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<div class="highlight-ipython2 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">define</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;gsra == 1 swap [over / + 2 /] cons [dup] swoncat make_generator&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="code ipython2 highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">J</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;23 gsra&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<div class="highlight-ipython2 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">J</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;23 gsra&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">dup</span> <span class="mi">23</span> <span class="n">over</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">2</span> <span class="o">/</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">codireco</span><span class="p">]</span>
@@ -101,7 +102,7 @@ function were writing. If we let 1 be the initial approximation:</p>
</div>
<p>Lets drive the generator a few time (with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">x</span></code> combinator) and
square the approximation to see how well it works…</p>
<div class="code ipython2 highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">J</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;23 gsra 6 [x popd] times first sqr&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<div class="highlight-ipython2 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">J</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;23 gsra 6 [x popd] times first sqr&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="mf">23.0000000001585</span>
@@ -114,10 +115,11 @@ square the approximation to see how well it works…</p>
<p>From <a class="reference external" href="https://www.cs.kent.ac.uk/people/staff/dat/miranda/whyfp90.pdf">“Why Functional Programming Matters” by John
Hughes</a>:</p>
<blockquote>
<div>The remainder of a square root finder is a function <em>within</em>, which
<div><p>The remainder of a square root finder is a function <em>within</em>, which
takes a tolerance and a list of approximations and looks down the
list for two successive approximations that differ by no more than
the given tolerance.</div></blockquote>
the given tolerance.</p>
</div></blockquote>
<p>(And note that by “list” he means a lazily-evaluated list.)</p>
<p>Using the <em>output</em> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">[a</span> <span class="pre">G]</span></code> of the above generator for square root
approximations, and further assuming that the first term a has been
@@ -142,7 +144,7 @@ generated already and epsilon ε is handy on the stack…</p>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">abs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">&lt;=</span><span class="n">ε</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="code ipython2 highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">define</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;_within_P == [first - abs] dip &lt;=&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<div class="highlight-ipython2 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">define</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;_within_P == [first - abs] dip &lt;=&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
@@ -154,7 +156,7 @@ generated already and epsilon ε is handy on the stack…</p>
<span class="n">b</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="code ipython2 highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">define</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;_within_B == roll&lt; popop first&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<div class="highlight-ipython2 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">define</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;_within_B == roll&lt; popop first&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
@@ -164,9 +166,9 @@ generated already and epsilon ε is handy on the stack…</p>
</pre></div>
</div>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li>Discard a.</li>
<li>Use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">x</span></code> combinator to generate next term from <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">G</span></code>.</li>
<li>Run <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">within</span></code> with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">i</span></code> (it is a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">primrec</span></code> function.)</li>
<li><p>Discard a.</p></li>
<li><p>Use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">x</span></code> combinator to generate next term from <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">G</span></code>.</p></li>
<li><p>Run <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">within</span></code> with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">i</span></code> (it is a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">primrec</span></code> function.)</p></li>
</ol>
<p>Pretty straightforward:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">a</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">b</span> <span class="n">G</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">ε</span> <span class="n">R0</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">within</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">R1</span>
@@ -179,7 +181,7 @@ generated already and epsilon ε is handy on the stack…</p>
<span class="n">b</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">c</span> <span class="n">G</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">ε</span> <span class="n">within</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="code ipython2 highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">define</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;_within_R == [popd x] dip&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<div class="highlight-ipython2 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">define</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;_within_R == [popd x] dip&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
@@ -191,31 +193,31 @@ generated already and epsilon ε is handy on the stack…</p>
<span class="n">a</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">b</span> <span class="n">G</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">ε</span> <span class="o">...</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="code ipython2 highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">define</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;within == x 0.000000001 [_within_P] [_within_B] [_within_R] primrec&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<div class="highlight-ipython2 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">define</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;within == x 0.000000001 [_within_P] [_within_B] [_within_R] primrec&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">define</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;sqrt == gsra within&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Try it out…</p>
<div class="code ipython2 highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">J</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;36 sqrt&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<div class="highlight-ipython2 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">J</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;36 sqrt&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="mf">6.0</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="code ipython2 highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">J</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;23 sqrt&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<div class="highlight-ipython2 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">J</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;23 sqrt&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="mf">4.795831523312719</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Check it.</p>
<div class="code ipython2 highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="mf">4.795831523312719</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="mi">2</span>
<div class="highlight-ipython2 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="mf">4.795831523312719</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="mi">2</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="mf">22.999999999999996</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="code ipython2 highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">math</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">sqrt</span>
<div class="highlight-ipython2 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">math</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">sqrt</span>
<span class="n">sqrt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">23</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
@@ -229,28 +231,50 @@ generated already and epsilon ε is handy on the stack…</p>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Newtons method</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#a-generator-for-approximations">A Generator for Approximations</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#a-function-to-compute-the-next-approximation">A Function to Compute the Next Approximation</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#base-case">Base-Case</a></li>
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@@ -262,25 +286,24 @@ generated already and epsilon ε is handy on the stack…</p>
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@@ -291,7 +314,7 @@ generated already and epsilon ε is handy on the stack…</p>
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